Friday, February 22, 2008
Thursday, February 21, 2008
AGRO-FORESTRY AND WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT
Wastelands are the degraded and unutilized lands except current fallows due to different constraints (CSIR, 1990). It is estimated that in wastelands the biomass production is less than 20% of its overall potential. It includes area affected by water logging, ravine, sheet and gully erosion, riverine lands, shifting cultivation, salinity, wind erosion, extreme moisture deficiency etc. These degraded lands are ecologically unstable with almost complete loss of top soil and are unsuitable for cultivation due to decline in their quality and productivity. Readdressing these lands is regarded as a powerful tool of attacking the issues of poverty and backwardness. The goal in this regard are to check further degradation, sustainable use of degraded lands, increase biomass availability along with nourishing soil; and restore ecological balance. This can be done by participatory approach with the help of local people in the planning and management of lands (Ramchandra 2003). The present paper deals with a case study of a wasteland development project addressing the issues of livelihoods to the landless laborers in the tribal villages of the Eastern Ghats in Visakhapatnam District.
Profile of the Area
The wasteland areas selected for the development were eroded undulating land situated in foothills of the Eastern Ghats . The wasteland development program covered an area of 1980 acres in 28 villages of three Mandals of Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh. Tribals constitute 88% of the people involved in the wasteland development.
Project Area – Before Intervention
The area where the development activities were carried out was a government classified revenue wasteland, situated in between the designated reserve forest area and agricultural land of the villagers. This was in fact a forest land earlier, but left by the Forest Department to enable village communities harvest small timber, firewood and other NTFPs for their subsistence. Besides, the people also practiced shifting cultivation resulting in vast stretches of land becoming barren and almost unproductive. These stretch/es of land were selected and developed with community participation by VIKASA, an NGO working on rural development in the region.
The communities residing in this area are forest dwellers, mainly Scheduled tribes. Their economy is primarily forest and agro-based. They practiced shifting cultivation that depends on the monsoons. They also collected Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) and fuel wood and make small earnings through their sale in the local market.
Project
The Wasteland Development Project “a kind of people friendly action research program”, was initiated by VIKASA in 1990 for the period of five years with the aim to develop 1980 acres of wasteland in the 28 tribal villages of Eastern Ghats . The Gandhi Peace Centre and Oxfam International supported the project that costed around Rs.4850000/-. This comes to an investment of Rs. 750/acre and covers conservation of soil and moisture, plantation, pot irrigation, live fencing and inter culture activities for 3 years.
Different government agencies also helped in the smooth functioning of the project. The Forest Department helped in land survey and fixing boundaries between the forest and common lands. The Revenue Department issued land pattas to the participating communities. A major step was issuing the pattas in the name of women due to their active participation in the project. The Indian Bank Branch of Madugula Sri Visakha Grameena Bank provided loans for income generation activities such as buying sheep, plough bullocks. Some of these loans were under the (Integrated rural Development Program (IRDP) scheme of District Rural Development Agency (DRDA). Ministry of Forest and Environment, Govt. of India
Role of VIKASA
VIKASA initiated and coordinated the project from its initiation to its final stages. It also helped in identifying the degraded land and also the marginalized population. The selection of beneficiaries was completely done by VIKASA. Priority was given to landless and women.
The process was initiated by organizing people to take up land development activities. This activity started simultaneously with awareness camps on environment protection, forest conservation, group organization, participatory planning, providing saplings, providing food for work, technical advice for soil and moisture conservation works, training in plant protection, exposure trips etc.
VIKASA’s role also included facilitating community members in obtaining loans from Banks, small savings, mass literacy (informal education for adults), linking with IRDP Scheme, loans for digging wells etc.
Local Communities were involved in the wasteland development activities from the very beginning of the project that included land development activities, selection of the plant species and protection of the developed area.
The selection of plant species used for the project was according to the needs and preferences of the people. VIKASA facilitated the process by providing information about the different species that were recommended by the villagers. The community contributed through 60% of the manual labour for clearing bushes, digging pits.
Physical Structures Constructed
During the project many physical structures were also constructed for enhancing the water and soil conservation measures viz. contour bunding, gully plugging, stone terracing, loose boulder structures, stone mulching, saucer making, and semi-circular shaped bunding etc. So VIKASA provided technical support in carrying out all the soil and moisture conservation activities.
Plant species
The whole areas developed starts right from the boundary of the reserve forest and there were several forest species present before the development of these lands. The villagers also choose some of the forest species like Amla, Soap nut, Bamboo, Pongamia, Tamarind, Sisham, Teak, Albizia, and Jackfruit, silk cotton besides horticulture plants such as cashew, mango, and guava. Hence it can be considered that about 70% of the land developed contains forest species. The activity also helped in extending protection to the reserve forestlands above the lands developed.
Source of Planting Material
Cashew plants were bought from the Cashew Research Station, Bapatla. Other species such as Aonla, Soap Nut, Jack fruit seeds were selected from high yielding trees in the local area. Fruit trees, like mango, guava, sapota, teak etc. were raised in the nurseries set up by VIKASA. Most of these species were locally available and forest dwelling communities have ready-made use and market for these species, hence the criteria for selection was natural.
Social Equity
Women participation was highly encouraged during the project. Pattas were issued to women also to ensure their empowerment and equal participation. Women were given equal wages as the men members of the community during the implementation of land development activities. Marginal section of the community was given the equal opportunities. Pattas were allotted to only landless families.
Difficulties during the Project
The major obstacle faced during the project was in the form of cattle and sheep grazers. They used to graze their animals on these lands. This was resolved by the regularization of the land holdings, which provided ownership of the “common” land .As the Government issued pattas the issue was resolved successfully. The protection measures taken up by tribal communities were also very effective.
Another difficulty during the project was convincing the tribals that their efforts to enhance productivity of the land were for their own benefit. This skepticism was also resolved after the revenue department issued pattas to them in 1994-95.
As mentioned earlier, the total land area developed during the project period was about 1980 acres (approx.) and about 1014 families were involved. The whole wasteland area has been converted in to a good forest as the families have been able to increase productivity in their lands through various water and soil conservation methods.
There has been a substantial increase in the income earning capacity of the families in the project area. Using efficient soil and water conservation measures has increased productivity of the wastelands, which has had an effect on their overall income. Now, on an average each family is able to earn Rs.10, 000/- to Rs.15, 000/- depending on the area developed and the practices followed.
Initially, the revenue department had allowed families to only collect NTFP and fuel wood from the wastelands, but as the project progressed the wastelands that were once encroached are being regularized, some of them during the project period and some later on. Also, due to the regularization most of the farmers have become landowners with the issuance of the pattas.
Most of the tribal families have also taken up dairy farming. The consumption and sale of milk increased manifold among tribal families.
Most of the tribal families have also taken up dairy farming. The consumption and sale of milk increased manifold among tribal families.
Besides the tangible benefits, there have been other intangible indicators of development in the project area as well. In the past, they used to depend completely on rains for the crops grown by them. The erratic nature of the weather conditions led to low yields forcing them to pledge their lands. Before the project, it was common practice among the non-tribal families of the area to pledge their lands with the moneylenders. This exploitative practice has been restricted. Now, as a result of a steady income some of them have also been able to get their pledged lands back.
Some of the families have also constructed new RCC houses allotted to them under various schemes by the Government.
Some of the families have also constructed new RCC houses allotted to them under various schemes by the Government.
Now, the tribal families are sending their children to schools. The number of girl children going to schools has also increased considerably. The government has also opened schools in all the tribal hamlets and most of the Government Departments prefers these villages when implementing Government schemes because people are well organized.
Sustainability of the Project
Sustainability of various land development activities is one of the achievements of the project. Even after ten years of completion of the project the community is still able to maintain the developed lands.Many people have developed their lands in the same manner even after completion of the project. In the project area itself, the area developed by the people on their own since the completion of the project, is more than the wasteland area actually developed during the period of the project. After completion of the project, same communities were involved in JFM program also in the region that was supported by Society of wasteland Development, New Delhi
The success of the project also inspired the communities residing in the adjacent areas
Just after this project the similar kind of the program was taken up in Rolugunta mandal where around 1000 ac of the wasteland was developed with the support of OXFAM International.
Just after this project the similar kind of the program was taken up in Rolugunta mandal where around 1000 ac of the wasteland was developed with the support of OXFAM International.
Conclusion
The understanding of development has its unique take away from each case. It’s no different in case of the VIKASA led Wasteland Development Programme in Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the prime examples of community participation and also how the objectives of a programme can be realised for achieving long-term goals of Sustainability. Though the programme formally ended in 1995, the state of the tribals has undergone a continuous change to better.
Before the coming of the programme, the area was just another under developed tribal area, with its own set of problems and difficulties. The programme enabled the people to get out of the rut, which normally faces tribals and allowed them to make informed choices.
Besides improving the status of the tribals, the programme has also helped to improve the geography of the area, thus helping the surrounding environment. The Program was a big success and The Ministry of Rural Development and Employment, Govt. of India honored VIKASA with Rajiv Gandhi Patri Bhoomi Mitra Award in 1997.
Sunday, February 17, 2008
WATER-SHED MANAGEMENT
Indo-German Bilateral Project-Representative Water Shed
KINCHUMANDA
VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH
THE COMMUNITY:
The people belong to six sects of Primitive Tribes. They follow their tribal customs very strictly and observe their festivals with reverence. Their economy is primarily forest and agro-based and their knowledge of agriculture and forests is age old. Their major source of income comes from the collection and sale of Non-timber forest products. There are 36 landless families in the watershed area. However the practice of land sharing is being maintained between lands less and land owner through sharing of produce by 1/3 to the land owner and 2/3 to the land less.
To create a sense of responsibility among indigenous community to maintain and manage watershed constantly by themselves.
To up-lift the economic, social, education, health and gender status – at the community level and take them into self-sustainable styles of living.
To develop 1030 hectares of watershed area at 8 villages of 2 panchayats of Dumbriguda Mandal of Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh by the year 2004.
To create replicable models through action and research.
STRATEGIES:
Preparing the communities for active participation in Watershed (Soil Moisture Conservation).
Support and participate with State Govt Department in planning, monitoring and evaluation exercises in Watershed villages.
Take up land-based economic activities with women and other vulnerable groups.
Treatment of private lands and develops fuel, fodder and tree crops.
Promotion of education, health and gender status through facilitation for convergence of services of departments concerned.
Replication of positive learning’s and experiences to the adjacent areas.
Withdrawal from the project area after 5 years, wt developing the community participation and own management.
ACTIVITIES:
The Watershed Committee formed at 8 villages is divided into two clusters. They are participating in SMC works along with community development activities.
The users group of landless, single women and disabled are being supported through development of backyard poultry units, sheep units, plough bullocks and vegetable cultivation and marketing etc.
Meetings for planning and designing of the activities are being taken up at community level for better participation of Community Members.
Inculcating the habit of savings among women groups to achieve economical empowerment of women members.
The community decided itself to share wages equally among men and women in the RWS programmed and they also decided to save Rs.10/- out of their daily wage of Rs. 40/- for keeping the money for maintenance of the post project works.
Watershed Fund was created with the amounts saved by the participating communities across eight villages amounting t Rs.3,08,823/-
Improve their knowledge and skills on Ridge to Valley Watershed development concept with the implementation SMC works.
Awareness creation on health hygiene, sanitation and education and organizing health camps for women and children.
Soil; & Moisture conservation activities have been taken-up in 470 hectares of private land belonging to the community members with their participation across the Watershed area.
69 units of Giriraja Birds for back yard poultry and 60 units of sheep were distributed for economical empowerment of the single women, landless and disabled.
60 compost pits were dug in the farmers’ fields to utilize Biomass and Organic matter.
Introduced horticulture (mango grafts) and amla, sapota and pineapple in 63 hectares with possibility for inter cropping of Niger
ACHIEVEMENTS:
Twenty three tribal families benefited with the conversion of 22 hectares of fallow and into croplands across six villages.
Soak pits are well maintained by the community, percolating clear water into soil.
Soil fertility improved, water retention capacity increased with the introduction of horticulture (mango, guava, sapota acid lime, and amla) fruit crops covering 63 hectares.
Vegetable coverage 100% with carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, chilies, being cultivated by the community members covering all villages of the watershed area.
Vegetable consumption increased and selling surplus in local markets.
Composting is very successful intervention. More than 70 compost pits are under use resulting in more decomposed organic matter for vegetable crop production.
Saturday, February 16, 2008
Micro watersheds, Nurseries, Water sanitation, and Hygiene education.
In Narsayyapeta village of Chodavaram Mandal, Vikasa has been managing a nursery since 1996 to supplement the needs of the communities located in different parts of the District. Vikasa had trained staff members in nursery techniques and farm management who have been associated with above-mentioned nurseries for a long time.
Training Facilities:
In the Narasayya peta village of Chodavaram mandal, Vikasa had facilities for training staff and community members. The staff members are experienced water sanitation, hygiene education, nursery techniques, PRA and other aspects. With the facilities available training can be imparted to thirty members at a time.
Wednesday, February 13, 2008
FISHERFOLK PROJECT
Fisherfolk Empowerment through Rights Based Approach.
The project is located in Bheemunipatnam Municipality and Mandal, which is in Visakhapatnam District. It comprises 23 poverty pockets in Municipality and 16 fishing villages in Mandal. The selection of area for development was based on the socio-economic and educational backwardness of the community especially of fisherfolk. Poverty, illiteracy, poor hygienic condition, and lack of civic amenities are other criteria.
1640 families from 16 villages and 2037 families from within Bheemilipatnam municipality are the targetted communities. The communities are identified by their occupations which are fisherfolk, potters, washerfolk, milk, fruit and vegetable vendors, rickshaw pullers, brick makers, domestic servants and construction casual labour.
Our Objective is to empower the people to improve their standard of living by organising them through 'rights based' approach to achieve the objective.
Funding and capacity building support for this project is provided by ACTIONAID.
The communities follow their traditional professions from many generations and have been living in these settlements for many generations. Changes in the surrounding environment are making these traditional professions obsolete; driving the people to poverty.
For Eg: Potters make earthen pots for storage of water, cooking stoves, and vessels. They also make oil lamps, toys, and any other earthen product for which there is a market. The increased use of plastic/steel has affected their livelihood and led to them being among the poorest communities in the region.
FISHING COMMUNITY
- Issues: Infringement by mechanised boats into the exclusive 8 km zone set aside for traditional fishing in the Marine Fisheries Regulation Act has resulted in depletion of fish catch and destruction of their fishing nets.
- Change in the eye size of fishing nets has driven the fish resources down and made fishing an unsustainable activity. This has resulted in migration of fishing communities to other fishing harbours or has forced them to change their profession.
- CRZ violations targetted at increasing tourism, encroach on the fishing boat harbours, threaten the traditional lifestyle of fisherfolk due to commercialisation and cause disturbance to fishes near the coast and reduce fish catch.
- Sandmining had resulted in erosion of beaches and adversely affected the livelihood of fisherfolk.
- Fisherfolk are unable to get a good price for the catch due to lack of convenient storage and selling facilities.
- Steep interest terms for moneylenders and lack of institutional credit to provide required loans.
- Lack of adequate literacy has resulted in the fisherfolk not knowing about their rights.
Actions:
With assistance from VIKASA, fisherfolk have organised themselves into village level groups. This has assisted them to:
- Resist encroachment by the more powerful mechanised boat owners by conducting rallies and hunger strikes.
- Stop sandmining activity by reporting it to the Forest Department and remaining vigilant for future occurances.
- Lobbying and advocacy to prevent CRZ violations.
- Demand implementation of Government schemes to improve their standard of living.
- Set up revolving funds for the fisherfolk to buy nets, boats, buying fish for vending and other essentials for the practice of their profession with initial funding assistance from VIKASA.
- Promoted 'Keratam' NGO Network to capacitate the fishing community in Rights Based Work. Trained 420 fishermen and women on Rights Based Activism.
WOMEN'S GROUP
Issues:
- Alcoholism among men
- Domestic violence
- Lack of alternative employment for women
- Steep interest terms for moneylenders and lack of institutional credit to provide required loans.
- Absence of a forum where the women could address their common issues
Actions:
- Entrepreneurship training is being provided to women with the support of SIDBI, DRDA, NABARD, and CED.
- Gender and Leadership training are imparted.
- MACTS, a Savings and Credit Society has been started and now has 1150 women as members. The scheme helps them in saving for their future as also to avail financing from the society on need.
- Domestic violence is a common problem in many of the communities. The women have united to warn off men who abuse their wives and take legal action if the problem persists.
- 4 women from the potters' community have set up block printing and dyeing businesses with support from B.C.Corporation. They now do block printing work in sarees, bedsheets, and pillows.
MUNICIPALITY AREAS:
Issues:
- Steep interest terms for money lenders and lack of institutional credit to provide required loans
- Lack of sanitation facilities
- Lack of drinking water
- Absence of pattas for houses
- Non-availability of ration cards, street lights and drainage facilities.
- Absence of community halls for people to host important events
- Lack of knowledge about the benefits available to disabled persons, single women, and other vulnerable groups.
Actions:
The people have been able to organise themselves into 'Sanghas' (groups) and have been able to achieve the following results:
- Obtain ration cards for people in the municipality
- Obtain house pattas for residents in the area
- Demanded and obtained streetlights/ drains and sanitation facilities for their use.
- The washerfolks were able to negotiate a Dhobikhana from the Government and obtain water facility and a washing platform for their use.
- 2 community halls were constructed with some financial assistance from VIKASA.
- A revolving fund was set up for use by the community.
- Of the 32 houses sanctioned by the Government for the communities, 16 of them have been constructed by availing further interest free loans from VIKASA where required.
- Disabled persons were informed of their entitlements to scholarships and subsidies, which resulted in 36 disabled people utilising the opportunities.
VIKASA seeks to minimise dependence by the communities. Hence, the communities are informed of their rights and assisted through advice in their fight for issues of interest to them.
FUTURE ACTION
VIKASA intends to continue this project till 2009. During this period, the villagers will be educated about their rights and assisted in improving their standard of living. They will be expected to organise themselves through some well-groomed leaders to continue fighting for their rights.
After 2009, a skeletal advisory staff will remain for a while to assist the villagers where required.
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Vikasa initiated its work in Vontimamidipalem with wasteland development activity. The plantations were raised as agro forestry models in this village on 15 acres as a pilot program with funds provided by the Chairman of Vikasa before 1990 floods, relief and rehabilitation work was taken up by Vikasa in Chodavaram and Madugula Mandals, removing sand casts from the flooded fields. The successful operations helped in spreading the program to twenty tribal hamlets in two panchayats namely Avuruwada and Jalampalli with the support of OXFAM-INDIA TRUST. The program was implemented on food for work basis providing 50 kilos of rice to each participating family per acre of land developed. People of these villages were used to practice "PODU" cultivation (Shifting Cultivation) on both reserve forestlands and revenue wastelands, besides smuggling of bamboo and fuel-wood head loading. Even these activities are not sufficient for them to make both ends meet. Agriculture in this region is rain fed and the yields are very low, due to high erosion of soil by wind and rain. The situation leads to the successful entry of exploitative moneylenders. However, Vikasa's intervention brought about a sea change, turning the PODU patch into cashew gardens. People started earning money from the fourth and fifth years and the green cover improved on the barren lands. All the people abandoned PODU cultivation.
This brought about a good change and paved way for the introduction of Joint Forest Management (JFM) in nine out of the 20 hamlets mentioned above.
Role of VIKASA in JFM
In 1993, a network called the "Eastern Ghats Initiative" (EGI) was formed by grouping several grass root level NGO's working with tribal communities living in the forest fringe areas of Khammam, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam districts. This work is being carried out with the financial and technical assistance of Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development (SPWD), New Delhi. In the beginning, several Workshops and Training camps were conducted to create awareness among fellowship holders of EGI Program and participant community members by some leading NGO’s in the four districts. Vikasa is one such organization selected to play the role of nodal agency in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. The role of Vikasa as nodal agency was to coordinate the work being carried out by other NGOs within the group and submit periodic reports to SPWD. Vikasa as Nodal Agency hosted two half yearly workshops on Eastern Ghats on JFM in December 1995 and in July 1997. Several Training Programs were also conducted for the fellowship holders and Vana Samrakshana Samiti (VSS means Forest Protection Committee) members on capacity building, Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) collection, Preservation and marketing, Savings and Credit Etc.
Vikasa got involved in the implementation of JFM program in villages with the formation of nine VSSs in nine tribal hamlets of Avuruwada Panchayat (Village Administration) of Madugula Mandal in Visakhapatnam District. Sri Samalamma VSS, under the auspices of Vikasa was started in Tiruvada village in 1994. This was the beginning of series of nine VSSs formed under JFM up till 1998. These are the villages where traditional forest boundaries exist with other VSSs. These villages are on foothills of Eastern Ghats and most of the inhabitants are tribals belonging to Manya Dora, Konda Dora, Gadaba, Bhagata and Konda Reddy communities. All the nine VSSs are a part of Avuruwada Panchayat and had common boundaries with one another with a common path leading to forestland. To restrict the rampant illegal Bamboo felling and smuggling of timber, Vikasa initiated dialogue with Avuruvada hamlet to initiate VSS, as this hamlet lies next to the common approach road to reserve forest. Formation of a VSS in Avuruvada paved the way to convince the other eight hamlets to follow suit for effective protection of forest.
This process started with motivation of people on all aspects of JFM. Though people were reluctant in the beginning, because of the fear that Forest Department may reclaim their authority over the forest but after some time people agreed to form VSS. The implementation of community development works and forestry works worked as incentive for villagers, for the formation of VSS.
The livelihoods of the people of these villages depend on forests in many ways. They used to collect fuel wood, bamboo and timber from the forest and sell in the near by villages and towns. There are a significant number of non-tribals who used to smuggle bamboo and sell it to the basket makers, whose livelihoods have also been adversely affected by the formation of VSSs. The forests in this region range form open scrub jungles in the plain to a high density of moist deciduous forests in the uplands.
The NTFP available in this region are marking nuts, myrobalons, soap nuts, amla and tamarind. Considerable amount of bamboo is also available in certain patches of forest area.
The practice of PODU was also common to all the villages. There was significant reduction in the practice ever since Vikasa started promoting land based programs like agro forestry and wastelands development with the introduction of JFM. All the villagers abandoned PODU cultivation. Rehabilitation of PODU cultivators is easier in the foothills rather than in the uplands. This is because it is possible to find alternative sources of livelihood in the foothills.
Network of Vana Samrakshana Samithis:
Vikasa promoted the formation of a federation of nine VSSs, which was extended to forest range levels. This work is being carried out in order to bring about more cooperation and unity among VSS members. This will help the members voice their concerns on issues relating to JFM.
Protection:
Protection of forests in VSS areas is satisfactory in most of the VSS, but there is a great amount of pressure from nearby villagers for bamboo. There are number of artisans, directly dependent on the forest patch prepared by nine VSSs. Despite the good effort of all the VSSs, the pressure on the forest patch is tremendous from these dependent families. A permanent solution of the problem through constant dialogue between villagers is urgently required. Finding market for Bamboo will solve the protection and management problems of VSSs and for this, forest department must come forward to work out necessary linkages.
Future:
Sustainability of community management of forest is a daunting task. A high degree of commitment is required form planners, NGOs and of course, VSS members to safeguard the forest which are under severe threat from smugglers, poachers, land grabbers, bureaucrats, and urban rich. Vikasa had its own plans and vision to see the community management of natural resources sustain.
To begin with, Vikasa had started a cooperative exclusively for VSS members and tribals. Linking up of Cooperative with VSS would be one of the immediate answers to sustain efforts. Thrift and credit activity and linking marketing activity of agriculture and forest produce in future is also envisaged. Success of this activity will go a long way in protecting and sustaining, both community involvement and forest.
Statistical Achievements:
- Formation of Nine VSSs
- Protection of 1200 ha. Of (reserve) regenerating natural forest
- Conservation of 400 ha of degraded forest with soil and moisture conservation works and plantation of forest species of people's choice.
- Involvement of 400 families in the process
- Formation of an informal group consisting nine VSSs, to bring about unity among VSS members
- Construction of community halls in four VSSs villages, spending approximately Rs. 70000/- for the construction of each community hall
- Renovation of village tanks in two VSS villages spending approximately Rs. 30000/- on each work
- Lift irrigation of one VSS village spending approximately Rs. 25000/-
- Repairs to check dams in two VSS villages
- Approach road to Avuruvada village spending Rs. 60000/- and construction of a culvert spending Rs. 45000/- approximately
Involvement of 300 families of VSS members to nine VSS villages in MACTS saving approximately Rs. 100000 so far (updated information to come soon)
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)